Reflective writing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Reflective writing - Essay Example Each one of them has its importance to understand the whole concept of human health (Jasper, 2003). Each of those subjects has their different goals to make a student understand the objectives in a specific way. For example, I learnt the significance of blood tests and its relation with the physiology of the patient. I learnt about various diseases and disorders in my patients through in-depth study of pathology. During my course of studies, I have observed that sometimes nurses can unearth what a doctor fails to discover within a patient. Clinical experience further polishes a student. It enables a nurse to understand the practical and research based approach of this profession (Neal, 2003). During my course of studies, I have learnt the role and responsibilities assigned to a nurse in a typical healthcare setting. Nurses are focused to deliver quality care services to the patient. Nurses are the key persons behind formulating a care plan for the patient. My courses have enabled me to become a bridge between a patient and a doctor. My studies have helped to develop a sheer knowledge on different diseases and how a doctor responds to his patient (it also includes the treatment), knowledge on different kinds of drugs, knowledge of nursing care and how as a nurse I have to respond to my patients. My studies have also taught me how to make the decisions as a nurse, how to respond to your setting and how to prioritize and organize your responsibilities. In my opinion, nursing is an art as well as a science. It is an art as it helps me as a nurse to seek different innovative ways to provide care to my patients emotionally and physically as well as it becomes a science when I have to treat my patients using different medical techniques and drugs. Basic nursing techniques are the core of this course which were taught to me in the most professional manner. During the years of progressing as a professional nurse, I have witnessed that it is important for a nurse to deve lop therapeutic relations with the patients. For a nurse, it is highly important to maintain a close relation with the patients based on trust and respect (McHugh, 2000). Secondly, as a professional nurse I believe that nurses should know the art of communication and interaction with their patients. My course subject related to the study of behavioral sciences and human psychology has helped me to interact, understand and communicate effectively with my patients. It is important that nurses should focus on their interaction and communication skills when establishing therapeutic relations with the patients. According to Cutcliff (2005), nurses should emphasize on establishing increased interactions with their patients which as a result, increases their confidence, independence and competency as a professional nurse. As a result, as a professional nurse and a part of quality healthcare system, I am more focused on developing communication and interpersonal skills with my patients and their families. I have observed that patients feel more relax and confident with those nurses who make them feel comfortable even in pain and suffering. To make a patient trust you, it is highly important that you should know the art of communication which will help you to secure the trust of your patients (Nichols, 1993). As a professional nurse, I believe that there is a need to focus more on how the relationship between a patient and a

Potential Conclusions or Hypotheses Essay Example for Free

Potential Conclusions or Hypotheses Essay Based on my knowledge of differences between the north and south, I would say that there are a variety of cultural differences that lead to the discrepancy in physical activity levels. Additionally, I have found that there are a number of factors that affect an individual’s physical activity level. Therefore, I believe that there is not one single cause lying behind the different activity levels in northern and southern states. Instead, this is a complex issue that arises from urban/rural areas, educational activities, team sports environments, and socioeconomic factors. Supporting Argument for the Thesis In order to determine the validity of this thesis, much more information is needed. First, I would need more detailed statistics for each of these states, with physical activity levels sorted by county (with the county’s population to determine urban/rural environment), race/ethnicity, and socioeconomic factors. Second, I would need information about public information campaigns that have dispersed information about the national recommended physical activity level. Is the importance of physical activity being taught in schools? Which counties/school districts have daily physical education classes? Third, I would need more information about the availability of team sports: which sports are available, which age groups are targeted, how much do these sports cost? Fourth, I would need information about the incidence of obesity and overweight for these states in order to determine whether residents of these states are in general more health conscious. Excess weight might also prevent people from wanting to engage in physical activity. Finally, I would need information about the availability of facilities for adults. How many parks and gyms are available? What do these facilities cost? These types of information would certainly support my thesis that there are a variety of factors that lead to the discrepancy in physical activity levels between northern and southern states.

Capitalism Essays -- Economic System, Freedom

Discuss your own impressions of what Capitalism is. My personal view of Capitalism is the freedom of choice to use your property any way you choose to use it. We as Americans have been giving rights to this choice. According to Murphy, That is why it is also known as the free enterprise (or free market) system, because it allows people freedom to choose: freedom to choose their own jobs, freedom to sell their own products at whatever prices they like, and the freedom to choose among products for the best value. (pg.1) As Americans, we have taken advantage of this freedom. We can work in whatever job that we love regardless of qualifications. Like many others, this choice has giving us the ability to make a living for our family. Many countries today do not get the opportunity to experience freedom of choice. These countries are governed by a socialistic system. This socialistic system says that, in their county there is no right to private property at all: everything is owned -or could be confiscated –by the state for t he benefit of â€Å"the people† (p.2) Views of Capitalism There are many critics of Capitalism according to Murphy that would say, â€Å"Even though we have this freedom to choose their jobs the still stand at the mercy of the employers† (p.2) As a citizen of the United States we can leave a job if we feel despondent about our jobs. There no law in place that can give an employer for any reason to hold you to a job. In addition, I have the right if self employed to sell my goods or services at any price beyond reason. In contrast, under a socialist system, the dissatisfied citizen’s only recourses are to leave the county (if that’s even allowed), or to start a revolution. (p.3) It is your choice of salary!... ... as those institutions perform for the public. (McConnell p. 637) Banking institutions and Thrifts makes loans and make deposits from the Central banks. The Federal System was established to control money supply through monetary policy. Congress established this system as an independent agency of government. They wanted to protect the Fed from political pressures so they can control the supply of money and price stability effectively. (McConnell p. 639) Conclusion Economics is all around us each day. In essence, we as consumers can control our own economic perspective. We sacrifice at any cost to get what we want. Our utility is increased when we pursue any pleasures and happiness through the purchase of goods or services. The author learned a great deal about economics. We function in a world all around us consumed by the economic pleasures of life.

Classroom Teaching & Technology integration in the society Essay

An individual in this urban society interacts more with machines than the humans. Similarly, a child in this 21st century is born in an environment where digital electronics rules and it would be very much difficult of him to realize the fact that a century ago it was difficult to even call a place nearby. Things were very much mechanical and analytic. The world was a big place and large enough to consider each of the nations as islands of culture with least of interference of other culture. But now the world has become very small with information from far off places are available with a click of mouse. Websites are the second address of everything that has got dual presence i.e. both physical as well as virtual. Even though there is the same physical distance but virtually all are sitting together and is available at the virtual locations. The above mentioned changes and the rate at which these changes are being incorporated into the human civilization are going to continue and as a result everything that will see the integration of technology will accelerate. These can be a business group or a community or a simple family. The matter of importance is the individual’s capability to adopt itself to changing condition not only to thrive but to achieve further success (Chen, 2006). The above mentioned changes have actually called on classroom teachers to follow up with this technology integration. The common nation is that teachers without the knowledge of basic technology skills are more of an obstacle to any technology integration either in present or in future. But the same person can provide efficient leadership by becoming aware of basic technology skills and some imaginative thought process (Bolman & Deal, 2002). This includes creation of a vision and then sharing and implementing the vision through arrangement of proper funding. A teacher’s acquaintance with these issues and its impact of technological standards actually gives an in depth view of very basic platform over which administrators’ knowledge stands (Bowman, Newman, & Masterson, 2001). His knowledge and understanding of technology is perhaps the most important factor that determines whether the assimilation of education and technology will work in the classroom or not (Hughes & Zachariah, 2001). Teachers who are technologically sound are more comfortable with the youth and children of today who are very much tech savvy and habitual of using hi-tech electronic equipments. They generally work in direct contact with students thereby the exchange of ideas from both side could be achieved and hence the possibility of better result from this technology implementation would be achieved. They would also convince the students in cooperating with the other teachers and other important elements of the complete implementation staff. Being an education professional, he or she is very much aware of facts that the effectiveness of the technology integration is a very much a variable depending on administrators’ competencies. The development of this specific and well researched competencies helps in providing proper guidelines for establishing steps for the administrator to maintain technology leadership and hence his assistance in technology integration in schools will result far reaching outputs in technology literacy and enhanced student learning. The educators’ perceptions of principal technology leadership competencies at the later stage is an important factor behind the successful integration of technology ensuring smooth rather flow of knowledge and information (Chin & Hortin, 1994). Learning in the classroom will generate a new relationship between the teacher and the student thereby engaging and modernizing various methods for assessment as well as study. The broader relation between the educators and the students will give real time information to the teachers about the performance of the students. Through this they can search for newer methods to help their students. These processes will ensure more compact relationship and the students will learn in a very few period rather than the months (Trends, 2006). The newer technology generally in the form of computer & internet has provided a different addition to the meaningful learning of education. One of the first and most vocal proponents of the use of technology to promote this type of meaningful learning was Seymour Papert (1980, 1994) who believed that computers could provide a powerful tool for learning. He also noted that schools have frequently ignored the broad capacities of computers for instructional support, isolating them from the learning process rather than integrating them into all areas of the curriculum. Using the techniques of the constructivism effectively, the teacher can teach or educate their students in a better way. Teachers are beginning to use technology as a tool to promote students’ ability to reason and solve authentic problems. Teachers have now been using technology and also integrating them into formal education system with intention to transform classrooms into technology intensive knowledge centers providing purposeful learning with experimental leaning that would intuitively create an environment of authentic action rather than awareness and simple information. The effective use of technology can integrate higher cognitive skill development and thinking skills such as problem solving, reasoning, decision making, and scientific inquiry. When teachers are thorough and totally integrate technology into class room a very different environment comes into existence. A constructivist learning environment is a place in which learners work together and support each other as they use a variety of tools and information resources in their guided pursuit of learning goals and problem-solving activities. Constructivist learning environments frequently encompass many different applications of media and technology. Classrooms under this environment are active with the combine of the tools of constructivism with communication and visualization tools that enable communication and collaboration among learners in a socio cultural context. Increased student achievement can result because of the synergy created through dynamic interactions (Sandholtz, Ringstaff, & Dwyer, 1997). In short the teachers must acquire the desired skill level which helps them in gaining the knowledge & the use of computer based technology .The survey revealed that most students have said that their teachers do not use computers in sophisticated ways. And if the teachers are not provided the useful support needed to integrate computers into the overall framework of the classroom, it is unlikely that their students will use computers in ways that will improve their learning process (Fuller, 2000). References Bolman, L. G., & Deal, T. E. (2002). Leading with soul and spirit. The School   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Administrator, February, 21-26.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   computer. New York: Basic Books. Sandholtz, J., Ringstaff, C., & Dwyer, D. (1997). Teaching with technology: Creating

Othello’s Tragedy

Marlene Romo Professor Williams English 1B 4 December, 2011 Othello’s Tragic Fall According to Aristotle, a tragedy must include the downfall of the tragic hero brought upon by his hamartia, in other words his weakness or flaw. It must also be comprised of the hero’s peripetia, where when he once had it all, it is now all lost. After the peripetia, the anagnorises follows; this is where the hero attributes his downfall to his weakness or flaw. The hero must be noble both in birth as well as in stature and according to Aristotle in the end of the play the audience must experience catharsis by encountering feelings of pity and fear.Even though Shakespeare’s Othello does include most of the requirements of an Aristotelian Tragedy it lacks a few elements, such as a hamartia and an anagnorises as well as catharsis. Othello’s downfall is not brought upon himself instead Iago’s manipulation is the cause, therefore the play does not fulfill Aristotleâ€℠¢s standards of a Tragedy. Although the audience fails to experience catharsis at the end of the play, Othello does help the audience come to the realization that cruel and manipulative people such as Iago exist in today’s society.While those who consider Othello to be a tragedy might argue that Othello’s hamartia is being naive, others may attribute Desdemona’s death to Iago’s manipulation of Othello. The fact that Iago was able to manipulate not only Othello but Roderigo, Cassio, Emilia and even Desdemona proves that he is extremely persuasive and thus Iago can be held accountable for Desdemona’s death. Since it is Iago who influences Othello into killing Desdemona that means Othello does not have a hamartia but instead confirms that Iago is very manipulative.Iago slowly but skillfully begins to implant doubt into Othello, for example when they see Cassio walking out of Desdemona’s room: Iago: Ha! I like not that. Othello: What dost thou s ay? Iago: Nothing, my lord: or if—I know not what. Othello: Was not that Cassio parted from my wife Iago: Cassio, my lord! No, sure, I cannot think it, That he would steal away so guilty-like,   Seeing you coming. Othello: I do believe 'twas he. (III. iii. 35-42) Iago makes Othello believe Desdemona is being unfaithful to him with Cassio, because he is constantly suggesting this.After some time Othello begins to believe every word Iago tells him and eventually ends up doubting his wife’s fidelity which results in her death. Desdemona dies and Othello finds himself losing everything but it is not due to hamartia it is due to Iago’s cruel manipulation of the mind. Othello listens to everything Iago says to him and believes it to be true for example when Iago says to Othello â€Å"But he that filches from me my good name and makes me poor indeed. Robs me of that which not enriches him† (III. iii 72-74) Here one can be a witness to Iago’s master mani pulation.Iago is saying: Othello, Cassio is robbing you of your reputation and that is immoral not only because he wants you to lose your respect and is only doing this to hurt you, but because he will not receive any personal gain and yet is still determined to go through with it . Iago does this throughout most of the play, he instills ideas into Othello’s mind and does it with the intention of hurting him, therefore Othello does not have a tragic flaw that causes his downfall but instead Iago is the one who brings Othello down with his manipulation.Since Othello does not have a hamartia anagnorises does not take place. Othello’s downfall is attributed to Iago’s manipulation not to Othello’s flaw. Even though it is Othello who suffocates Desdemona to death, this would never have happened if it weren’t for Iago’s manipulation. Othello cannot help but feel partially responsible for the death of Desdemona but he is aware of Iago’s crue l influence on him. When Othello has killed Desdemona and Emilia explains to him the way Iago got a hold of the handkerchief Othello says â€Å"Are there no stones in heaven But what serves for the thunder? Precious villain! † (V. ii. 241-242). Here Othello is finally able to see Iago as the villain that he is, and he asks heaven why it will not strike him dead. Othello never feels fully responsible for Desdemona’s death, he knows he is partially to blame but he also recognizes Iago as a villain so therefore anagnorises does not take place. Othello is not the only one who views Iago as a villain after Emilia’s confession so does Lodovico and the rest.After Iago is brought to the room as a prisoner Lodovico says to Othello: â€Å"O thou Othello, that was once so good, Fall’n in the practice of a cursed slave† (V, ii, 300-301). Lodovico is aware that Othello’s drastic change was brought upon by Iago’s evil manipulation and attributes De sdemona’s death to him. Everyone in the room realizes that Iago was not the â€Å"honest†( V. ii. 161) person they believed him to be, not only did they now realize he was a villain but they also became aware of all the people he manipulated, such as Othello, Roderigo, Cassio, Desdemona, and Emilia.Despite the fact that catharsis does not take place, the audience does experience fear toward the end of the play. The audience experiences fear because they become aware of the existence of men like that of Iago, in society. Dramatic irony is what allows the audience to witness Iago’s malicious plans. Iago is pure evil and unlike the characters in the play the audience is aware of this throughout the play. As the play progresses the audience gradually becomes more and more aware of Iago’s cruelty.The audience cannot help but come to the realization that men like Iago do exist in the real world. Marvin Rosenberg, Shakespearean scholar and a UC Berkeley professo r points this out in his essay, when speaking of Iago he says â€Å"he evokes our fear, because we know that wicked men do exist† (Rosenberg157). Rosenberg states that the audience fears to encounter people like Iago because he seemed so trustworthy and yet he was able to manipulate everyone he wanted to and was almost able to get away with murder.Rosenberg argues in his essay titled â€Å"In Defense of Iago† that Shakespeare’s purpose in writing this play was to enlighten the audience in the ways of thinking of a mischievous man. Rosenberg believes that Shakespeare wanted the audience to know how an evil man’s â€Å"twisted emotions work† (Rosenberg 157). Even though the audience fails to experience catharsis, good comes from the play because now the audience has been exposed to the evil of man and can go about living life without being too naive. Shakespeare’s Othello is not a tragedy under Aristotle’s standards.First of all Othello does not have a hamartia. Secondly, it is because he does not have a hamartia that he does not experience anagnorises. And lastly the audience does not experience catharsis. Othello cannot be considered a tragedy under Aristotle’s conditions but despite this, the play if effective when it comes to opening the eyes of the audience to the existence of people like Iago. After being exposed to the play the audience is now more capable of distinguishing an honorable person from a dishonest one.Once the audience becomes aware of the malicious acts of Iago they will question the motives of others and this will help them separate the truly honest people from those who are strategically manipulative. Works Cited Crowther, John, ed. â€Å"No Fear Othello. † SparkNotes. com. SparkNotes LLC. 2005. Web. 11 Nov. 2011. Rosenberg, Marvin. â€Å"In Defense of Iago. † Shakespeare Quarterly 6. 2 (1955): 145-158. Jstor. Web. 27 Nov. 2011. Shakespeare, William Othello,the Moor of V enice. Literature:An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, Drama and Writing. Eds. X. J. Kennedy and Dana Gioia. 6th Compact e. New York: Longman, 2010. 912-1012. Print.

Companion Essays

Companion Essays Companion Essay Companion Essay Elizabeth Schwartz Blizzard Arianne Zwartjes Companion Essay 4/18/10 The stance that I have chosen to take for the public argument was that I am against the act of piracy and to acquire a program called the Icarus at the University of Arizona. I chose to take this stance because after researching all of the different perspectives, I have personally witnessed the consequences due to illegal file downloading. In the beginning, my view on piracy was that it really isn’t that big of a deal. I agreed with stealing from the media because of how convenient it was for me and for my piers. Illegally downloading files was faster, cheaper, and easier than going out and buying a CD or going to spend ten dollars to see a movie. However, now that I have looked at all possible scenarios of getting caught and now fully understand the moral issue in this crime, I believe schools such as the University of Arizona should adopt programs, especially the Icarus, in order to reduce and completely prevent piracy. In order to try and actually adopt this program, I wrote a letter, almost like a petition, for students and those who also believe that the University of Arizona should eliminate illegal file sharing. I initially had a large black poster board with purple and gold glitter writing saying â€Å"I dare you† on it in order to lure people into seeing my website. It said I dare you across the entire board because I thought it was catchy enough to convince people they wanted to hear my argument and it was so shiny and large that people couldn’t turn their eyes away when they saw it. Once they came over, they were interested in what I was really â€Å"daring† them to do. After I got student’s attention, I showed them my website and tricked everyone by letting students think they could download songs and movies illegally. They read through the cases and realized that they were stealing once they couldn’t actually download any files. The letter I wrote is to the administrative assistant and the members of the dean of students advising that this program should be implemented because it will eliminate all illegal files sharing through the University’s networks. By enabling this program students will not only stop downloading files illegally but will also be penalized for doing so, ultimately ending all use or attempts at even doing so. At the end of the letter are tons of signatures showing the administration that people truly believe in this side of the controversy and that this move is really the best idea for the school. By having all these signatures, the administration will almost feel as if they need to implement this new program. I have chosen to write a letter because I believe that this will truly instill on the board members and show the true affect of the problem. Because other schools have already adopted this program, by the University of Arizona also doing so, it will better this school overall. I have interviewed two of my fellow piers, one, who even attends this school. During these interviews I had noticed that my friend punished at Arizona for illegally downloading files was just one student who was unfortunate, yet there are thousands of other students who do not get penalized for doing this. Max Cohen, the student from Arizona himself states, â€Å"At this University, you would think that because there are around 40,000 students at this school that they wouldnt even bother to try and catch people from downloading music and movies illegally because its just so common. But of course they caught me and now I have to go do community service, pay a fine, and write an essay for why what I did was wrong. Its stupid if you think about it. Everyone does it (Cohen 2010). Rather than forcing someone to pay a fine or write an essay about illegally downloading files, why not just have a program that blocks students from overall doing so, forcing students not to download anything illegally rather than just trying to do so again in the hopes of not getting caught? Implementing the Icarus might be the only option those in the media industry have: otherwise students will continue to try. This program will easily be the first step and when this program becomes more popular at universitie s across the globe, students will eventually realize how wrong it is when they realize they are stealing from the media. Overall, I believe that this letter and petition to the Administration and its board will be the biggest help and the first real step to eliminating the use of file sharing over the Internet. Enforcing this will truly help the media at officially really eliminating their products from being stolen from them. Other universities have already done so and with the addition of the University of Arizona will not only benefit the school itself but also ultimately end piracy at this school. Cohen, Maxwell. Illegally Downloading. Interview by Elizabeth Z. Schwartz. 17 Apr. 2010: 2. Print.

Driving Ireland’s Ring of Kerry Maps and Complete Guide

Driving Ireland’s Ring of Kerry Maps and Complete Guide SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips The picturesque Ring of Kerry is a looping road on the west coast of Ireland. It meanders along the coast of County Kerry, a pristine area famous for its awe-inspiring natural beauty. Locals and travelers alike flock to the Ring of Kerry for sweeping views of mountains, lakes, waterfalls, and the North Atlantic. Along the way, you’ll see castles, abbey ruins, and stones circles dating as far back as 2,200 BC! That’s a whole lot of human history. I can confidently say that the Ring of Kerry was the most breathtaking road I’ve ever driven on in my life. To help you have the same memorable experience, I’ve compiled all the stops of interest along the Ring, along with maps to help you navigate. Read on for your complete guide to Ireland’s unforgettable Ring of Kerry! Map of the Ring of Kerry As you can see on this Ring of Kerry map, you could drive the entire loop straight through in only three and a half hours. The Ring of Kerry is a 1 mile (179 km) coastal road around Ireland’s Iveragh Peninsula. Technically, the Ring of Kerry is the horseshoe-shaped N70, but you can take a linking road, the N72, to make a full loop beginning and ending in the town of Killarney. This closed loop covers 133 miles (214 km) in total. Because of its location on the landlocked end of the peninsula, Killarney is a popular base for travelers driving the Ring of Kerry. If you were to drive directly around the Ring, you could complete the drive in just three and a half hours. Realistically, though, you should set aside at least six to seven hours to make stops along the way, if not longer. If you want to take side trips or explore all the sights along the route, then you could turn the Ring into a two or three-day road trip, staying overnight in one of the villages, like Waterville or Kenmare. In addition to pulling over to see castles, Celtic ruins, lookout points, and friendly cows and sheep, you could also go hiking, biking, or horseback riding. A popular day trip also takes you out to the Skellig Islands. The larger of the islands, Skellig Michaels, is famous for its 6th century ruins, which were featured in Star Wars: The Force Awakens. Before getting into all the sights along the Ring of Kerry, let’s go over how to travel along the road. Should you hop on a tour bus or rent a car and drive yourself? Traveling on the Ring of Kerry: Tour Bus vs. Car There are two options for driving the Ring of Kerry: tour bus or car. Several bus companies are available for day trips, or you can easily navigate the route yourself (it is a loop, after all). Here’s what you need to know about both options. Option 1: Take a Bus Around the Ring of Kerry Most Ring of Kerry tour buses start in Killarney. If you’re starting your Ireland trip in Dublin, you can also buy packages that include a train ticket from Dublin to Killarney and next-day tour bus. The two most highly-rated companies are Deros Coach Tours and O’Connell Day Tours. A day tour costs about $25. The buses will make a few stops along the way for you to explore sights and take photographs, plus a lunch stop. All in all, a Ring of Kerry tour on a bus lasts about 6.5 hours. One important thing to note- the buses always drive counter-clockwise along the Ring. They start in Killarney and then head northwest to Killorglin. Now let’s look at the other option (and the one that I chose), driving the Ring of Kerry. Tour buses drive counter-clockwise on the Ring of Kerry. Option 2: Drive Around the Ring of Kerry Your other option is to drive. I much preferred driving, as it let my friend and I go at our own pace and pull over whenever we spotted an amazing view, which was extremely often. We had no trouble renting a car in Ireland. We rented the car online from Dooley Car Rentals and picked it up at the Dublin airport. There are also rental car companies based out of Killarney. The only unusual part of the rental agreement is that US travelers have to buy additional car insurance. If you’re renting a car in most other countries, your usual car insurance will extend to the rental. While driving lets you take your time and make stops on a whim, it does come with a significant extra challenge for US drivers: you have to adjust to driving on the left side of the road! At first, this arrangement made my brain feel like it was doing backflips, plus I kept driving too far to the left. Admittedly, my friend was the better left-side driver of the two of us, but I gradually got used to it, too. As long as you stay focused, you shouldn’t have too much trouble making the switch. As I mentioned above, buses go counter-clockwise along the Ring of Kerry. If you’re driving, should you go in the same direction as the buses or the opposite way? Remember to drive on the left side of the road! Fred Zhang/All rights reserved Which Direction Should You Drive on the Ring of Kerry? Should you drive with the buses or against them? That all depends on how confident you feel driving. If you drive in the opposite direction of the Ring of Kerry tour buses, then you may have to deal with passing them. As the road can get narrow and have steep drop-offs along the side, this might be an unwelcome extra challenge. If you don’t want to deal with passing tour buses on a narrow road, then you should go counter-clockwise. On the other hand, driving with the buses means that you might get stuck behind one of them. Staring at the back of a bus for most of your drive could mar the view a bit. If you’d rather not get stuck behind a tour bus, then you should probably choose the clockwise route! For the purposes of this guide, I’ll present the stops in the counter-clockwise direction, the same way that the buses go. If you decide to go the other way, then just scroll down and read this guide backward. Now that we’ve covered transportation, let’s go over all of the intriguing places and things you’ll pass on the drive, starting with a Ring of Kerry map. Ring of Kerry Map: All the Stops Along the Way Here’s the full Ring of Kerry map with pins for each stop. Click on each one for its full address, and scroll down to learn more about each stop! Since there are lots of points of interest, I’ll provide some suggestions for the best ones at the end of this guide. You can also plan your trip around your personal interests, whether you want to spend all your time photographing castles, hiking up mountains, or shopping in all the villages along the way. Whatever you choose, you really can’t go wrong. The drive itself is one of the best highlights of all! Since most of the Ring is remote, I’d suggest using a GPS, pre-loading your directions into Google Maps, and/or downloading a navigational app that works offline, like Here WeGo. You’ll have to download Ring of Kerry maps before you depart, but then you should be able to plug in directions offline. Any place you stay will probably also give you directions the old-fashioned way- with a paper map of the Ring of Kerry and circles around the places of interest. If all else fails, just keep driving. The Ring of Kerry is a ring, after all. Driving the Ring of Kerry: Full Guide Most people start and end their Ring of Kerry journey in the town of Killarney, so let’s start there. There are lots of Kerry hotels in Killarney, plus other hotels in Kerry villages along the way. Below is the full list of stops along the Ring of Kerry. Click on a stop to go to it directly, or just read on to learn all about the spectacular stops you'll encounter driving counter-clockwise on the Ring. Killarney Gap of Dunloe Kate Kearney's Cottage Beaufort Kerry Woolen Mills Killorglin Kerry Bog Village Museum Glenbeigh Cahirciveen Ballycarbery Castle Portmagee Skellig Islands: Skellig Michaels and Little Skellig Valentia Island St. Finian's Bay Balinskelligs Waterville Eightercua Stones Loher Stone Fort Derrynane Caherdaniel Castlecove Beach Staigue Fort Sneem Dunkerron Castle Kenmare Moll's Gap Killarney National Park Ladies View Torc Waterfall Muckross House Muckross Abbey Blue Pool Nature Reserve Ross Castle Innisfallen Island Now let's take a closer look at all the stops along the Ring of Kerry, starting with the most popular starting point, the town of Killarney. #1: Killarney Killarney is a colorful small town that looks like it was plucked out of the 19th century. As a popular destination, it actively maintains its historic charm. In fact, the Killarney town council banned plastic store signs in the 1980s so that the town would retain its pretty, old-fashioned look. While there are several great Ring of Kerry sights within a ten to thirty minute drive of Killarney- like Ross Castle, Muckross House, and Muckross Abbey- the town itself shouldn’t be overlooked. Killarney might not blow your mind like the Ring of Kerry landscape, but it has lots of enjoyable restaurants, pubs, shops, and galleries. Restaurants in Killarney You’ll find a variety of restaurants, from traditional Irish pubs to Thai and Mexican food. Some of the top restaurants in town are Rozzer’s, Bricin, Mareena’s Simply Food, Quinlans Seafood, Hannigan’s, and the Yew Tree. Before I visited Ireland, I’d heard mostly negative reviews of its cuisine. I found the exact opposite to be true, with lots of modern restaurants and delicious food from all over the world. Pubs in Killarney While I heard negative things about Ireland’s cuisine, I heard stellar reviews of its beer. That reputation was totally accurate; both the beer and cider are high-quality and easy to find. Some great pubs in Killarney are O’Connor’s Traditional Irish Pub, Jarvey’s Rest, The Danny Mann, Tatler Jack, and Dan Linehan’s Bar. Take a seat, order a Guinness, and, ideally, stumble upon an Irish â€Å"session† of local musicians playing the fiddle and accordion. Ireland is famous for its high-quality wool sweaters and blankets. Killarney Shopping Killarney’s shops are centralized in its downtown area. You’ll find the famously high quality wool sweaters from Ireland’s Aran Islands, jewelry, glass crafts, candles, souvenirs, art galleries, and old-fashioned candy shops. You can also shop at some name brand stores at the Killarney Outlet Centre. Historic Churches in Killarney Killarney has a couple 19th-century churches that are worth a visit if you like historic architecture. St. Mary’s Cathedral is a 19th-century Gothic Revival Church, and the 1879 Franciscan Friary is a simple stone structure. Killarney is a charming town that’s fun to explore or at least enjoy dinner the night before you depart on the Ring of Kerry. If you’re pressed for time, though, you might skip the town and concentrate on the drive instead, as the Ring of Kerry is the most memorable part of the trip! #2: Gap of Dunloe Daniel Dudek-Corrigan/Flickr You don’t have to wait long before the Ring of Kerry plunges you into Ireland’s unparalleled natural beauty. Just ten minutes or so from Killarney you’ll enter the part of N70 called Gap Road, or the Gap of Dunloe. The Gap of Dunloe is a 7 mile ( km) mountain pass between Purple Mountain and a range called MacGillycuddy’s Reeks. It passes five lakes: Coosaun Lough, Black Lake, Cushnavally Lake, Auger Lake, and Black Lough. Between Coosaun and Black Lake is a wishing bridge. You can stop here, make a wish on the bridge, and, according to local legend, your wish is destined to come true. Since the Gap of Dunloe is such a scenic route, it’s a popular spot for biking, hiking, horse-drawn carriages, and horseback riding. If you’re driving, go slow and expect that other people and vehicles will be sharing the road. #3: Kate Kearney’s Cottage Larry Koester/Flickr Kate Kearney’s Cottage is a 150-year-old restaurant and pub along the Gap of Dunloe. You’ll pass fields filled with flowers and horses before pulling into the parking lot of this charming, ivy-covered cottage. In the front of Kate Kearney’s sits a shop that sells local crafts and produce. In cooler months, you can sit by the open fire and enjoy pub food and dark beers. Every so often, the cottage holds a traditional Irish dinner with live music and costumed dancers. I stopped at Kate Kearney’s for lunch and especially enjoyed the fried brie with jam and homemade banoffee pie (toffee pudding pie with banana slices and fresh whipped cream). If you’re hungry, then stop here to get fortified for the trip ahead. If not, don’t worry- there are plenty of villages with pubs and restaurants along the way. #4: Beaufort Beaufort is a small village at the base of Carrantuohill, Ireland’s tallest mountain. By small village, I mean small; Beaufort has a population of only 160. The town center has a few pubs and guesthouses, so you could stay here as an alternative to Killarney. If you’re looking to stay somewhere remote, then Beaufort’s a good option. Otherwise, you probably would put this town lower on your list of Ring of Kerry priorities. One intriguing site near Beaufort involves an early written language. Outside of the town sit the Ogham Stones. These stones feature Ogham, the earliest system of writing to appear in Ireland. In Ogham, letters are represented by short horizontal lines etched across a long vertical line. You might see souvenirs of common names written in Ogham or jewelry featuring the ancient writing. #5: Kerry Woollen Mills These 17th century mills have been creating fabrics and yarn from wool for over 300 years! When they began, they used water from the adjacent River Gweestin to power machinery and wash and dye wool. Today, you can check out the mills and shop for high-quality wool sweaters, capes, scarves, blankets, and rugs. These mills are worth a stop if you’d like to buy wool clothing or a blanket. If you’re not looking to shop or don’t care for wool products, then you might skip these mills and save your shopping for other places further down the Ring! Sheep are a-plenty in Ireland, and so are wool sweaters! #6: Killorglin Killorglin’s another village along the Ring of Kerry. It’s a bit bigger than Beaufort with a population of 2,100. This town along the River Laune has a number of hostels, inns, pubs, restaurants, outdoor activities, and yearly festivals. Killorglin is definitely worth a stop if you want to go on an outdoor excursion. Because it’s on a river and close to the Atlantic, it has a lot of opportunities to kayak, canoe, and sail. You can also go climbing, hiking, orienteering, or camp overnight. Killorglin is also a good stop if you’re feeling hungry. The town has a variety of pubs and restaurants, and it makes its own beer, the Crafty Divils King Puck. You’ll see a bunch of references to King Puck beyond this pale ale, like the King Puck statue, a large, crown-wearing bronze goat perched atop a rock. According to legend, a goat helped save the people of Killorglin long ago when raiders were pillaging the countryside. The â€Å"puck† broke away from its herd and appeared in the village, alerting the people to the danger. This story is such a big part of Killorglin that the town has been hosting a 3-day Puck Fair every August for the past 400 years! If you’re driving the Ring in August, check to see if the Puck Fair is going on. You might also be interested in the K-Fest Musics and the Arts cultural festival in June or the Flavour of Killorglin food festival in September. Once you’ve had your fill of food and festivals in Killorglin, keep on driving southwest toward the Kerry Bog Museum. Order King Puck, a pale beer made in Killorglin! #7: Kerry Bog Village Museum With its glacier-carved mountains and cliffs and ancient stone ruins, the Ring of Kerry takes you back in time. The Kerry Bog Village Museum transports you to the 19th century, showing you the tough existence that people carved out for themselves in a peat bog. The Kerry Bog Village Museum features six dwellings with thatched roofs that have been restored to their original 1800s conditions. You can see how the blacksmith, thatcher, and laborers lived, as well as meet the native Kerry bog ponies and huge Irish wolfhounds native to the area. Irish wolfhounds may be all different colors, but all of them share one trait in common: they're huge. #8: Glenbeigh This area is called the Jewel in the Ring of Kerry. Here, you’ll see all the natural beauty that makes the Ring of Kerry great in one place: hills, mountains, rivers, beaches, and the wild Atlantic. It’s a popular place for hiking, nature tours, and horseback riding. I went horseback riding in Glenbeigh with Burke’s Beach Riding. We looped around Curra Mountain, descended into Horseshoe Valley, and rode along the sandy Rossbeigh Beach. The views over the sheep-filled fields and outstretched Dingle peninsula were spectacular, and horseback riding along the trails and beach was an unforgettable way to take everything in. Trail rides are available for both beginners and more experienced riders. I highly recommend doing one. #9: Cahirciveen Cahirciveen is a colorful small town with a population of around 1,300. Its main attractions are the Cahergal and Leacanabuaile forts, the remains of stone forts built around 600 AD that suggest the existence of an early Christian farming community. You could also visit the Daniel O’Connell Memorial Church, one of the only churches in Ireland named after a layperson, and old army barracks that have been turned into a heritage center. Cahirciveen is proud of its history as the spot where the first shots of the 1867 Fenian Rising were fired, a rebellion against British rule. Cahirciveen is worth a stop for the old stone forts, but if you're pressed for time or staying on the eastern part of the ring, then you could opt to see Staigue Fort instead. #10: Ballycarbery Castle Cord Cardinal/Flickr After Caherciveen, the next place you could stop is Ballycarbery Castle. This once proud 16th century castle on a hill now stands in ivy and moss-covered ruins. As a huge fan of evocative ivy-covered ruins, I’d put this castle high on the list of must-sees. It’s a quick stop, but it’s a quintessential Ring of Kerry sight. Check it out! Note about the next few stops on the list: The next four stops are actually located on Skelligs Ring, an offshoot of N70, which is the technical Ring of Kerry. You can visit the villages of Portmagee and Valentia Island, take a boat to the Skellig’s Islands, or drive along St. Finian’s Bay. If you don’t have time or interest to venture off the Ring, then feel free to skip down to #15 on this list, Waterville! #: Portmagee This village, located 10 minutes off of N70, has some restaurants and accommodations, so you can stop here for lunch or to stay overnight. It’s most notable as the gateway to the Skelligs Islands, though, as well as the town you pass through to take the bridge to Valentia Islands. #12: Skellig Islands: Skellig Michael and Little Skellig Arian Zwegers/Flickr These islands lie just off the coast of Portmagee. Both are protected as bird sanctuaries, and they contain bustling populations of puffins, gannets, Arctic terns, guillemots, herring gulls, razorbill, fulmars, manx shearwaters, and cormorants. You can take a boat around Little Skellig, and you can actually land on and explore Skellig Michael. When you get to Skellig Michael, you’ll see the other-worldly remains of a 6th century Christian monastery. Monks lived a remote existence in beehive-shaped stone formations. Everyday, they descended 670 steps to catch fish for their meals. The ruins are now protected as a UNESCO World Heritage site, and they’ll look mighty familiar if you’ve seen Star Wars: The Force Awakens. At the risk of spoiling the ending for anyone, I’ll just give you a two-word reminder of the scene: Luke Skywalker. To tour the Skellig Islands, you can sign up for a boat tour from Portmagee, Valentia Island, or Waterville. As protected areas, the number of visitors each day is limited, so sign up early! #13: Valentia Island You can reach Valentia Island, one of the most western points of Ireland, by bridge from Portmagee. Valentia played an important role in history- it was one of the stops of the first ever successful transatlantic cable. You should come to Valentia if you want to go hiking or see the majestic sea cliffs. You can hike the Geukaun Mountain and walk along the 600-foot cliffs. You can also walk out to tetrapod tracks, prints preserved from an animal for the past 385 million years. If I didn’t emphasize it enough already, the Ring of Kerry will blow your mind with the extent of its far-reaching natural and human history. #14: St. Finian’s Bay St. Finian’s Bay, known locally as the Glen, kicks up the natural beauty into hyperdrive with rolling mountains on one side and views across the Altantic, Skellig Islands, and Puffin Island on the other. Because of its big waves, St. Finian’s Bay is especially popular with divers and surfers. Another draw is Skellig’s Chocolate, a small, family-run chocolate factory and cafe with beautiful views over the bay. #15: Balinskelligs Balinskelligs is a coastal village of about 350, and one of the few remaining places in Ireland where people still speak Irish! You can find some pubs, cafes, and restaurants here, as well as accommodations to stay overnight. The best stops are Balinskelligs Beach, locally known as Ladies Beach, and the nearby ruins of McCarthy Mà ³r Castle. If you do stay overnight, you can take a â€Å"dark sky tour.† Since the area’s so free of pollution and light, you can see the stars and planets in the night sky as our ancient ancestors did. Go star-gazing in Balinskelligs with one of their "dark sky" tours! #16: Waterville This tiny village has a population of only 540, but it has plenty of restaurants, cafes, pubs, and hotels if you’re looking for a meal or to stay overnight. Like Beaufort, it’s one of the stops where the first transatlantic cable was laid in 1865. In 1866, a ship left from Waterville and laid cable from Ireland to Newfoundland, thereby linking Europe to North America. Waterville has a bunch of outdoor activities, including cycling, fishing, surfing, horseback riding, golf, beaches, and nature tours. Every August it holds a Charlie Chaplin Comedy Film Festival. Why? Waterville was a favorite vacation spot for Charlie Chaplin back in the day. #17: Eightercua Stones Robert Linsdell/Flickr Ready for some more old stone structures? The Eightercua Stones is an important stop on most Ring of Kerry maps because the standing stones date all the way back to 1700 BC! This east-west row of stones is thought to be a Megalithic tomb and possibly the burial place of Scà ©ine, the wife of a Milesian leader. The Milesians were a group of people that conquered Ireland. The tallest stone is nine feet, and the entire tomb stretches 25 feet. It’s definitely worth a stop if you’re a person who gets excited by ancient stone formations. And, honestly, who doesn’t get excited by ancient stone formations? #18: Loher Stone Fort Fast forward from the builders of Eightercua 2,500 years and you’ve got early Christians building a farm house inside a defensive wall. This 9th century stone fort overlooks Balinskelligs Bay. Again, it’s an intriguing and relatively quick stop if you’re interested in ancient ruins. #19: Derrynane This small village on the sea has beautiful sandy beaches and historical sites. The Derrynane Beach is a long, sandy beach sheltered by mountains. Nearby, you can tour the mysterious Derrynane Abbey, a 6th century abbey surrounded by graveyard that now sits in ruins overrun with plants. You can also check out Derrynane House, which was home to Daniel O’Connell, also known as the Liberator. O’Connell campaigned for independence from Britain in the 19th century. You can take a 30-minute guided tour of the house, learn about O’Connell and his family, and tour the surrounding 320-acre national park. Make time to see at least one beach along the Ring of Kerry, on foot or on horseback! #20: Caherdaniel This small village is most notable for the Caherdaniel Fort, a stone fort dating back to 600 AD. You can also find restaurants and hotels here, as well as beautiful views over Derrynane Bay. #21: Castlecove Beach This sandy beach is popular with locals and families. It has a good restaurant next to it, the Beach Side Restaurant and Bar. If you haven’t checked out a beach already, stop here at Castlecove. If you’re all beached out, then you can leave this one off your trip. #22: Staigue Fort Stefan Jurgenson/Flickr Staigue Fort is one of the most popular stops on the Ring of Kerry map when it comes to stone ruins. It’s a circular stone fort built as a stronghold for a lord or king sometime between 300 and 400 AD. This fort is especially impressive to historians because of its sophisticated engineering and stone masonry for the time. It’s a quick stop, but worth it to see what a 4th century fort looks like. #23: Sneem This charming small village on the River Sneem (population 600) is home to several artists and craftspeople, making it a good stop for shopping at galleries and craft stores. You might also enjoy Riney’s Bar and its traditional Irish pub food and atmosphere. Since it’s on the coast, you can find a few nearby beaches: White Strand Beach, Castle Cove, and O’Carroll’s Cove. #24: Dunkerron Castle This castle was built in the late 00s and converted into the Tudor-style around 1596. There’s only one standing wall left today. The rest is in ruins. Dunkerron can be tough to find, and you’ll have to off-road it a bit to get there. I wouldn’t highly recommend it unless you’re a diehard fan of ivy-covered castle ruins. Mary Sullivan/All rights reserved #25: Kenmare Of all the towns along the Ring of Kerry, Kenmare (population 2200) probably has the most to see and do. It has a range of hotels, BBs, hostels, guesthouses, and campsites, as well as a bunch of restaurants and pubs. Some of the best restaurants in Kenmare are The Mews Kenmare, Mulcahy’s Wild Garlic Restaurant, Packy’s, Number 35, PF McCarthy’s, and The Coachman’s. One fun Kenmare attraction is its annual October festival for needlepoint lace. During the Great Famine in the 1800s, sisters of the Poor Clare convent taught women and girls this skill to help them support themselves. Outside of the festival, you can buy lace, go to workshops, and watch demonstrations year-round. Two important historical sites in Kenmare are the Old Kenmare Cemetery and the Kenmare Stone Circle. The cemetery dates back to the 7th century, and it became a place of mass burials during the Great Famine. The Stone Circle was built between 2200 and 500 BC, likely for ceremonial purposes. If you’re a Harry Potter fan, then you might also remember the town’s name from the Quidditch World Cup. Kenmare was said to be home to the professional Quidditch team, the Kenmare Kestrels. #26: Moll’s Gap Tom Fahy/Flickr You’ll drive through Moll’s Gap on your way back toward Killarney, and you can pull over for a panoramic view of the MacGillycuddy’s Reeks mountain range. Moll’s Gap is a popular stop for tour buses, and there’s an epic lookout point, as well as a souvenir shop and coffee shop. #27: Killarney National Park Once you’ve made it this far, you’re starting to get close to Killarney again. South of the town is the 25,000 acre Killarney National Park, the first national park in Ireland. About a quarter of it is made up by Lower Lake, Middle Lake, and Upper Lake. It’s the most extensive native forest in the country and has the only remaining herd of wild deer. The park is open year-round for hikers and bird-watchers. The next two stops, Ladies View and Torc Waterfall, are located in Killarney National Park. #28: Ladies View Ladies View is another popular stopping point for travelers on the Ring of Kerry. This viewpoint gives you sweeping views of the three lakes and mountains of Killarney National Park. Even though it can get crowded, it’s worth the stop for the National Geographic-worthy photographs. #29: Torc Waterfall Simon Caulton/Flickr This 70-foot high waterfall is just a five-minute walk off the road through pretty woodlands. It can get crowded, as the waterfall is a popular stop on the bus routes. For more gorgeous views over the lakes of Killarney National Park, you can climb 100 steps or so on the left side of the waterfall. #30: Muckross House This well-preserved Victorian mansion gives you guided tours of its furnished period rooms. Even if you don’t take a tour inside the house, you'll enjoy walking around the expansive grounds. Beyond the green lawns lie stone gardens, greenhouses, and working farms with sheep-shearing demonstrations. #31: Muckross Abbey Fred Zhang/All rights reserved This 15th-century abbey is surprisingly well-preserved, apart from the fact that it doesn’t have a roof. It was founded by Franciscan monks in 1448. The prettiest part of the abbey is the courtyard with a large yew tree in the center and a vaulted cloister. #32: Blue Pool Nature Reserve The nature reserve is a nice spot for walking through the woods, perhaps getting some glimpses of birds, deer, and other wildlife. The Cloghereen Blue Pool Walk takes you to the Blue Pool. Because of the limestone in the bottom, the pool can look bright turquoise. #33: Ross Castle Fred Zhang/All rights reserved Unlike some of the crumbling ruins along the Ring of Kerry, the Ross Castle is fully intact. You can tour the inside or just admire its stone exterior and the adjacent lake. Legend has it that its original owner, O’Donoghue, leaped into the lake with his horse, table, and library. He now lives in a palace at the bottom of a lake, watching over his castle and everything that goes on around it. You can rent boats and go out on the lake, as long as you’re careful not to disturb any 15th-century underwater ghosts. #34: Innisfallen Island Sandy Raidy/Flickr Across the lake sits Innisfallen Island and the ruins of Innisfallen Abbey. Monks lived here for 950 years until Queen Elizabeth I took it from them in 1594. Not cool, Elizabeth. On the island, monks wrote about the history of Ireland in the Annals of Innisfallen. Because of these records and the education offered here to monks and Irish kings, the lake got its name of Lough Leane, or the â€Å"lake of learning.† Once you’ve made your way through Killarney National Park and the stops along the way, you’ll end up right back where you started your journey, in Killarney! Whether you spent a few hours or a few days, you’ll see the stunning mountains, lakes, rivers, fields, and sea that make the Ring of Kerry one of the most beautiful drives in the world. With 34 stops (and then some, if you include all the spots of interest within each town), how can you choose which ones to include on your trip? While everyone's interests vary, here are my top picks for the best stops along the Ring of Kerry. Fred Zhang/All rights reserved Stops on the Ring of Kerry: Top Picks There are tons of places you could stop on the Ring of Kerry, but most of us don’t have days and days to explore. Unless you’re turning the Ring into a full-fledged, multi-day road trip, you probably want to know which stops are the best ones along the Ring. Here are my picks for the top Ring of Kerry attractions. Best Stone Forts: Staigue, Cahergal, and Leacanabuaile forts Best Beaches: Glenbeigh Beach and Derrynane Beach Best Castles: Ballycarbery Castle (for ivy-covered ruins) and Ross Castle (for a preserved castle that you can go inside) Best Historical House: Muckross House Best Lookout Point: Ladies View in Killarney National Park Best Town: Kenmare Best Day Trips: Skellig Islands and Horseback Riding If you don’t have time to drive the full ring, you might also choose just the west or east side and check out the top spots along the way. One common day trip from Killarney takes you to Muckross House, Muckross Abbey, Torc Waterfall, and Ladies View. Then you can drive back through Killarney and get dinner at Kate Kearney’s Cottage. Exploring the Ring of Kerry: Final Tips The Ring of Kerry is a special place, with breathtaking vistas, roaming animals, and ancient stone formations that give you glimpses into thousands of years of human civilization. Because there are picturesque villages filled with pubs and inns along the way, you can take as much time driving the Ring as you like. The best way to decide where you want to go and how long long you want to spend is to familiarize yourself with the stops along the way and decide which ones interest you most. If you’re excited to horseback ride and take a boat to the Skellig Islands, then you might plan a three-day Ring of Kerry trip. If you’d like to make just five to six stops, perhaps a castle, some stone ruins, a lookout point, Torc waterfall, and Muckross House or Abbey, then you could fit everything into one full day. Based on how beautiful the Ring of Kerry is, I’d advise overestimating the amount of time you’ll need to take your trip. That way, you can make unexpected stops and take your time on one of the planet’s prettiest drives. When you're driving the Ring, you might find that the fickle weather changes quickly and often from sun to rain and back again. While this unpredictable weather could mean you’ll get wet along your hikes or horseback rides, it has a silver lining- it creates prime conditions for rainbows. I saw some of the longest and brightest rainbows I’ve ever seen on my trip to Ireland. Standing beside the ivy-strewn ruins of a thousand-year-old castle beneath a rainbow, you’ll truly be in awe of the magic that dances across the rivers and mountains of County Kerry.

Basics of DETC Accreditation for Correspondence Schools

Basics of DETC Accreditation for Correspondence Schools The Distance Education Training Council (DETC) has been accrediting correspondence schools since 1955. Today, hundreds of distance learning colleges and high schools have been granted accreditation from the DETC. Many graduates from DETC accredited schools have used their degrees to gain promotions or to continue in their studies. But, others have been disappointed to find that their degrees do not hold the same weight as diplomas from regionally accredited schools. If youre considering enrolling in a school with DETC accreditation, make sure you get the facts first. Heres what you need to know: The Good – Approved by the CHEA and USDE Both the Council for Higher Education Accreditation and the United States Department of Education recognize the DETC as a legitimate accrediting agency. The DETC has proved itself to have high standards and a thorough review process. You wont find any diploma mills here. The Bad – Trouble Transferring The biggest problem with DETC accreditation is that regionally accredited schools dont view it as their equal. While credits from regionally accredited schools may transfer to other regionally accredited schools easily, credits from DETC accredited schools are often looked upon with suspicion. Even some schools with DETC accreditation view transcripts from regionally accredited schools as superior. The Ugly – A Battle With Regionally Accredited Schools If youre planning on transferring schools or pursuing additional study, be aware that each school has its own transfer policy. Some schools may accept your DETC credits unconditionally. Some may not give you full credit. Some may reject your transcript completely. A study conducted by the DETC showed that, of the students who attempted to transfer credits to a regionally accredited school, two-thirds were accepted and one-third were rejected. The DETC blames the rejected credits in part on anti-competitive business practices in higher education. Whatever the case, be aware that rejection is very possible. A Solution – Plan Ahead If you want to make sure that your transcript from a DETC accredited school will be accepted when you transfer, make a list of potential transfer schools. Call each one and ask for a copy of their transfer policy. Another good strategy is to check out the Higher Education Transfer Alliance database. Schools in this alliance have agreed to be open to schools with any type of accreditation that is approved by the CHEA or USDE – including the Distance Education Training Council.

HRIS Vendor Analysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

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Currency trading simulation Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Currency trading simulation - Research Paper Example OANDA reflects the market ideal market condition which may not be true conditions. The pie charts in the OANDA which shows real time changes in the currency pair using moving averages. The user can study the market and develop their trading strategy which will determine when to buy and when to sell at a profit. Generally, when the spot crosses under the moving average,a sell signal appears because the technical analysis shows that the price will drop. A buy signal appeard when the spot crosses over the moving average because the price will raise. Market volatility tends to indicate rate reversal hence an important factor to be considered. I used two moving average on the same pie charts, the faster moving average is based on 25 days of data while the slower moving average is calculated from 10 days of data. A buy signal appears when the faster moving average crosses above the slow moving average, and a sell signal appears when the faster moving average crosses below the slower moving average (OANDA Tutorial). My initial trading plan was to use reversal point by waiting for the fast moving average crossing above the slower moving average, then buy 50 currency units and hold the for a while to see if the market price will go up or not. My initial didn’t work out because the prices didn’t rise, thus I couldn’t get a profit. I decided to diversify my portfolio to maximize my returns and minimize my risk in the money market. The moving average, however, had little movement and thus I was not able to able to buy and sell at a profit. Changing my strategies to diversification of portfolio worked out because none of the moving averages crossed each other. Market volatility also didn’t work out so I decided to diversify my points. My strategies yielded returns, but I didn’t maximize it. The market fluctuates every second and making decisions is very

History of the afterlife Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

History of the afterlife - Essay Example While in the afterlife, people will have physical presence like they have in this world, life there would be very different from what it is in this world. A vast majority of Christians also believe in the existence of hell and believe that it is a place meant for punishment. Fire has been included in the description of hell in several passages of New Testament. Many Christians believe in the intense sensation of burning caused by the fire in hell in its literal sense whereas there are others who think of fire as a symbol to reflect the pain and agony that will be caused to the people in hell in the afterlife. Many Christians also believe that people will be made to experience the punishment temporarily, after which they would be destroyed just like the flames destroy an object. Lutheran Churches also teach that Christ will appear at the world’s consummation for judgment, when he will raise all dead up; â€Å"He will give to the godly and elect eternal life and everlasting joy s, but ungodly men and the devils He will condemn to be tormented without end† (â€Å"Christian Beliefs

Different types of Intermodal movement by Air Essay

Different types of Intermodal movement by Air - Essay Example Rockets are mainly used for launching satellites, spacecraft, space shuttles and space research stations. A rocket is always misunderstood to be a spaceship by the laymen. Spacecraft, satellites and space shuttles are meant for space and planetary exploration in particular. Though aircraft, spacecraft and rockets share a common feature that they are airborne, they differ totally from each other in their looks and use. A rocket is a multipurpose instrument used in air, water and space with necessary modifications but the use of aircraft is sensibly limited to the earth atmosphere as they can not fly in the outer space with their wings and wing-shaped propellers where there is no gravitation. But the technology of rockets has become so simple that it has spread like a computer virus and is mostly misused by terror groups which have acquired the expertise. It is true that the rockets are playing the lead role in the space exploration at present but the day may not be far off when they would be replaced by the aircraft made up of air breathing rocket engines. The movement by air, for both people and cargo, is bound to take new vistas. Use of different types of airborne vehicles for different purposes would undoubtedly pick up by leaps and bounds in this space age. Basically, airborne vehicles can broadly be divided into two classes such as atmospheric vehicles comprising airplanes and helicopters which move with in the earth’s atmosphere and non-atmospheric vehicles comprising space craft, space shuttles, deep space probes, satellites and rockets which move in earth’s outer atmosphere (Anderson, 2004). Each of them is totally different among themselves serving a different purpose and having its own advantages and disadvantages in relation to its use. For decades now, we have been extensively using aero planes and helicopters for airborne movement as other vehicles have not come in to use for common purposes. The use of spacecraft and rockets for the general

The death of the moth Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The death of the moth - Essay Example The essay is also an excellent picture of the struggle endured by living creatures for their mortality. Each creature has its own views and goals in life even in the case of the day moth which the author describes as not being somber like other moths or gay that the butterfly. The setting of the story is in September and from the being the author attempts to install sympathy for the moth from the readers’ perspective for the misplaced moth. The author personifies the creature and further shows potential joys that the moth could endure in the morning and the joys enjoyed by other species, with only the life of the moth lacking any fruitfulness. At the end, despite all the struggles experienced by the moth, the final one is one that is uniform among all creatures and the author boils all the moth’s experiences to a bead of life. Even at the end, when there seemed to be no hope, the moth fought to remain alive in its presumably insignificant

Different types of Intermodal movement by Air Essay

Different types of Intermodal movement by Air - Essay Example Rockets are mainly used for launching satellites, spacecraft, space shuttles and space research stations. A rocket is always misunderstood to be a spaceship by the laymen. Spacecraft, satellites and space shuttles are meant for space and planetary exploration in particular. Though aircraft, spacecraft and rockets share a common feature that they are airborne, they differ totally from each other in their looks and use. A rocket is a multipurpose instrument used in air, water and space with necessary modifications but the use of aircraft is sensibly limited to the earth atmosphere as they can not fly in the outer space with their wings and wing-shaped propellers where there is no gravitation. But the technology of rockets has become so simple that it has spread like a computer virus and is mostly misused by terror groups which have acquired the expertise. It is true that the rockets are playing the lead role in the space exploration at present but the day may not be far off when they would be replaced by the aircraft made up of air breathing rocket engines. The movement by air, for both people and cargo, is bound to take new vistas. Use of different types of airborne vehicles for different purposes would undoubtedly pick up by leaps and bounds in this space age. Basically, airborne vehicles can broadly be divided into two classes such as atmospheric vehicles comprising airplanes and helicopters which move with in the earth’s atmosphere and non-atmospheric vehicles comprising space craft, space shuttles, deep space probes, satellites and rockets which move in earth’s outer atmosphere (Anderson, 2004). Each of them is totally different among themselves serving a different purpose and having its own advantages and disadvantages in relation to its use. For decades now, we have been extensively using aero planes and helicopters for airborne movement as other vehicles have not come in to use for common purposes. The use of spacecraft and rockets for the general

My experience with writing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

My experience with writing - Essay Example An English writer will always prefer writing in English where as a person like me whose native language is Arabic, like to write in Arabic only. It will be difficult for me to write in English or Hindi. Why writers prefer their own native language for writing? Children in my country learn to write at the age of 6. In fact I acquired the writing skill little bit later at the age of 7. My father was an expert in writing newspaper articles and some of my uncles were fond of writing poems. I started writing poems at the age of 14 and one of my teachers has encouraged me a lot in writing poems. I was comfortable in writing poems in Arabic. But it was not easy for me to write the poems in English. One of my poems which were translated to English with the help of one my friends is given below. Writing requires lot of knowledge and also lot of in depth analysis. Since I am comfortable with the Arabic literature available in my country, I will be more interested in writing in Arabic rather than in English. If I want to express my ideas or opinion about a topic then I will get the suitable words from Arabic language only because of my lack of awareness about English language. Of course I agree that since English is an international language, it may have better words or expressive vocabularies than Arabic. But because of my lack of awareness about such big words from English, I may not be able to express my ideas, opinions or suggestions properly in English. Writing in own language provides ample freedom in selecting the words or vocabularies. The meaning of the words must be well understandable to the readers. I am confident of making the Arab people aware of my views through my literature like poems. But I am not sure how other people from a different country or region perceive my language. Though language will never prevent me from expressing my views internationally, I am not sure whether people from other countries will enjoy my

Whether Fair Value Should Be Retained In Financial Accounting Essay Example for Free

Whether Fair Value Should Be Retained In Financial Accounting Essay Fair value may also be called the justified or unbiased price. It is applied in both Economics and Accounting. Fair value accounting refers to the rational or unbiased estimate for the possible good’s, service’s and asset’s market price. Fair value in Accounting is aimed at presenting financial data in the most utilizable way possible. Financial statements will therefore represent the true and reasonable view of the financial information relating to any financial entity. Stakeholders will hence be able to make their investment and relationship decisions based on Accounts statements that have utilized the Fair Value Accounting principle. The Body: Fair value in Accounting considers objective factors like;   The acquiring, producing or distributing costs, replacing and costs for the closest substitutes, the exact utility for a particular level of social productive capacity development is of importance and the supply against the demand for any particular good, service or asset. Subjective factors to be considered include; Characteristics of risk, cost for and return or benefits on capital and the individual utility perception. Fair value accounting is essential in estimating the market value for assets or liabilities whose true value may not be determined due to lack of a sincere established asset’s or liability’s market. (Stephen, 2008 p.3-18) As per the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP), Financial Accounting Standards (FAS) 157 dictates that, fair value is the sum of money for which assets can be purchased at a current transaction with willing parties   or moved to an equal or equivalent party, in a situation other than a liquidation case. All the direct and indirect production and operational expenses will be given consideration when trying to determine the most reasonable price for both the buyer and the purchaser. Traders will be expected to have all the information that is necessary for their transaction to be clear to all the related parties. (James, 2009 p.6-13) Fair value accounting is applicable to assets with a carrying value that is determined by market to another market valuation. For assets recorded at historical cost, the asset’s fair value may not be applicable. An example would be a university store whose cost of four million dollars was constructed ten years ago. In case the management was to give a fair value measure on the store, it will be a subjective measurement due to lack of an active market for this particular asset or assets that are close to this one. A different example would be, incase DEF Ltd bought a go down in nineteen ninety, for two million dollars, the financial statement in respect to historical cost will record the go down at two million dollars on its balance sheet. If GHI Ltd bought a similar go down in two thousand and ten for four million dollars, then the GHI Ltd will report the go down at four million dollars. Although the two assets are similar, DEF Ltd will report the asset at half the GHI’s asset value. Historical cost can not identify the two assets being similar. This issue   is compounded incase similar assets or liabilities are recorded historically, resulting in an undervalued balance sheet. Although if both DEF and GHI Ltd recorded the financial information as per fair value accounting the two would record the asset of four million dollars. (Gerald, 2009 p.24-31) The idea in fair value accounting is to represent the figures in the financial statements at amounts that they would fetch just in case an entity was to purchase them afresh. This is exactly that willing buyers are able to pay for the acquisition of such commodities. Adjustments made in determining fair values should consider the depreciation charge that the assets would attract. The disposable value is always of great interest in accounting at fair values. Fair value accounting produces information to investors whose interest is on the assets’ or liabilities’ current value but not their historical cost. It is known that stakeholders in a company use financial statements to make decisions as to whether their investments in the enterprise are worthwhile or not. Unbiased figures represented on the financial statements help investors predict their expected returns on their shares. Such reasonable figures will be helpful in determining the expected company’s growth and how their shares may increase in value in future. It will also be of use to investors to determine the extent of their rewards in case a company goes into liquidation or a receivership in future. The making of both short term and long-term decisions is made easy by the use of the true and fair view represented on the trial balance and balance sheet.

The Development Of Psychology As A Scientific Discipline Philosophy Essay

The Development Of Psychology As A Scientific Discipline Philosophy Essay One of the most notable figure in the development of psychology as a scientific discipline is RenÄâ€Å" Descartes, a French philosopher and mathematician. Descartes was most recognized as a proponent of dualism which supported the idea that all reality can be divided into two vivid and distinct entities: mind and matter. Descartes distinguished himself from other philosophers in that he proposed an existing link or interaction between mind and matter called interactionism. This was the key development in psychology as a scientific discipline because it led to two key principles in psychology introspectionism and behaviourism. Despite Descartes emphasis on the rationalism which is the pursuit of truth through the process of reasoning, John Locke, the British first empiricist, suggested that empiricism which involves the pursuit of truth through observation and experience is the preferred method of investigation. Being the pioneer to define self through a continuity of consciousness, Locke postulated that the mind was a blank slate of tabula rasa. Contrary to Descarts cartesian philosophy, he believed that we were born without innate idea and that the knowledge is instead measured only by experience derived from various sense perceptions. Yet, some of the information attained from our senses is subjective and non-trustworthy while some are objective and trustworthy. He put great emphasis upon the belief that our knowledge of complex experiences were made up from the links between simple and primary sensations. This idea was further developed by David Hume, a Scottish philosopher, known especially for his philosophical empiricism and scepticism. Yet, there was a slight difference from Lockes argument. While Locke wrote of innate ideas, Hume introduced the concept of perceptions which consisted of impressions and ideas and strove to develop a total naturalistic science of man that examined the human nature on a psychological basis. To Hume, impressions were the most important perceptions because they were derived directly from observations. He strongly believed that only empirically derived content are valuable and trustworthy. Thus, he developed positivism the philosophy of science rooted on the view that data derived from sensory experience and that logical and mathematical analysis of such data produce all authoritative knowledge. In contrast to the empiricists, George Berkely, an Anglo-Irish philosopher proposed that our knowledge comes from the inferences derived from experience through our senses instead of simply coming from direct experiences. His notable achievement of the advancement of the theory called immaterialism or subjective idealism which denies the existence of material substance. In contrast, this theory contends that objects are only ideas in the perceivers minds hence cannot exist without being perceived. A Scottish philosopher, Kames Mill then further developed on the idea and moved the focus from animism to materialism which is a belief that truth can be founded only after a thorough understanding of our physical world. The assumption that Mill insisted was that humans and animals were basically the same that both were entirely physical in their outer look and were totally subjected to the physical laws of the universe. Though agreed in essence with Descartes primary approach in understanding the human body, Mill was against the concept of an immaterial mind. Later on in the mid-1800s, a German physiologist, Wilhelm Wundt, used scientific research methods to investigate reaction times and his book, Principles of Physiological Psychology illustrated many of the main connections between the science of physiology and the study of humans thought and behaviour. The opening of the worlds first psychology lab at the University of Leipzig in 1879 marked the official beginning of psychology as a distinct scientific discipline. Wundt maintained that psychology is a study of humans consciousness and intended to apply as many experimental methods as possible to investigating and understanding internal mental processes. Though his use of introspection is seen as a non-trustable and non-scientific method today, his early work during the days helped to kick-start a stage for future experimental methods and hence was significant in the development of psychology as a scientific discipline. One of the Wundts most famous student, Edward B.Titchener went on to develop amd found psychologys first major school of thought and proposed the idea that human consciousness can be broken down into smaller parts via introspection. He was one of the most prominent structuralist. While structuralism was notable for its emphasis on science research, its methods were less convincing, unreliable, limiting and subjective. The concept essentially died when Titchener passed away in 1927. In response to structuralism, functionalism, an American perspective which was largely influenced by the work of William James and the evolutionary theory of Charles Darwin emerged. Functionalists sought for explanation for the mental processes in much systematic and accurate way. Instead of focussing on the elements of consciousness, they focussed on its purpose. This brings psychology a step closer to scientific discipline by placing great emphasis on systematic research method. In early 20th Century, another major school of thought known as behaviourism rose to dominance. It was a significant change from the past theoretical views. In fact, it was aimed to transform psychology into a much scientific discipline by solely emphasising on observable behaviour. It was started by Ivan Pavlov and two of the strongest advocates were John B.Watson and B.F. Skinner. However, behaviourism does not encourage scientific psychology. Among all, the concept of empiricism developed by philosophers John Locke and David Hume was the most significant leap in the development of psychology as a scientific discipline.

Cyrano de Bergerac - Cyrano as Noble Idealist :: Bergerac

Cyrano de Bergerac - Cyrano as Noble Idealist In The play Cyrano de Bergerac, the main character, Cyrano, is a noble idealist who fights against the harsh reality of ordinary life, and creates his own world. On the outside he is a strong man with a hard shell, but inside he is a melancholy poet yearning for love. He feels that the world bases love too much on appearance. He believes that no one will ever love him because of his grotesquely long nose. For this reason Cyrano cuts himself off of true reality and creates a world where love exists without appearance. In Cyranos everyday life he is a great swordsman who leads troops in to the battlefields, and fights a hundred men at once. He stands up for what he believes in and never compromises. He is full of chivalry, bravery and wit. In his life of love he is a brilliant poet, comprised of words of emotion. This life of love exists only in his mind and on the paper by which he expresses himself. In the beginning these two worlds are kept apart until Cyrano devises a way to bridge the two together. He discovers that the woman he loves, Roxanne is in love with a man named Christian. When he tells Christian that Roxanne has feelings for him, he reveals to Cyrano that he may have good looks, but a terrible way with words. Cyrano replies with "strange.... Now it seems I, if I gave my mind to it, I might perhaps make love well."..... "Borrow it then! - Your young manhood - lend me that, and we two make one hero of romance." (p. 84-85) Cyrano bridges his two worlds together through Christian. At first Cyrano assumes that this will be a good plan. At first it fills him with joy to be able to express his love for Roxanne but as time went on he realized that he was doing all the work and letting someone else take all the credit. Cyrano says in the end of the play "Yes - that has been my life... Do you remember that night Christian spoke under your window? Cyrano de Bergerac - Cyrano as Noble Idealist :: Bergerac Cyrano de Bergerac - Cyrano as Noble Idealist In The play Cyrano de Bergerac, the main character, Cyrano, is a noble idealist who fights against the harsh reality of ordinary life, and creates his own world. On the outside he is a strong man with a hard shell, but inside he is a melancholy poet yearning for love. He feels that the world bases love too much on appearance. He believes that no one will ever love him because of his grotesquely long nose. For this reason Cyrano cuts himself off of true reality and creates a world where love exists without appearance. In Cyranos everyday life he is a great swordsman who leads troops in to the battlefields, and fights a hundred men at once. He stands up for what he believes in and never compromises. He is full of chivalry, bravery and wit. In his life of love he is a brilliant poet, comprised of words of emotion. This life of love exists only in his mind and on the paper by which he expresses himself. In the beginning these two worlds are kept apart until Cyrano devises a way to bridge the two together. He discovers that the woman he loves, Roxanne is in love with a man named Christian. When he tells Christian that Roxanne has feelings for him, he reveals to Cyrano that he may have good looks, but a terrible way with words. Cyrano replies with "strange.... Now it seems I, if I gave my mind to it, I might perhaps make love well."..... "Borrow it then! - Your young manhood - lend me that, and we two make one hero of romance." (p. 84-85) Cyrano bridges his two worlds together through Christian. At first Cyrano assumes that this will be a good plan. At first it fills him with joy to be able to express his love for Roxanne but as time went on he realized that he was doing all the work and letting someone else take all the credit. Cyrano says in the end of the play "Yes - that has been my life... Do you remember that night Christian spoke under your window?

Military Psychology

Military Psychology Military psychology is a broad market of psychology in which virtually any and all subfields of psychology where the lessons of personality, organizational and abnormal psychology among others are applied to the needs or desires of military planners and strategists. Reasons for their application may be immediate or sustained. The application of psychological research or theory to the military can be used to analyze either enemy or friendly forces, exemplified by perfecting an attack on an enemy or strengthening the weakness of an ally.By extension, military psychology could be used to examine the differences in attitude to the battlefield in terms of philosophy and execution of operations. The field has developed its greatest recognition through the variably sustained or ineffective post-combat programs for troubled veterans. Conditions like â€Å"shell shock† and â€Å"post-traumatic stress disorder† (PTSD) have figured prominently in the developmen t of military therapy programs.Strategically, intelligence and personality testing have been applied to placement exams for prospective military recruits. The events of World War I had a formative effect on the application of psychology to the realities of the battlefield, giving the nascent field crucial legitimacy. Co-founder of the British Psychological Society and the National Institute of Industrial Psychology, Dr. Charles Myers, was selected as the primary advisor on psychological matters to the British armies in France during the war.His work is considered foundational and he himself describes in statements that it was a frustrating endeavor to have British military elite recognize the legitimacy of his claims that soldiers deserved psychological consideration for their inability and perceived unwillingness to perform in battle. Coining the term â€Å"shell shock,† he engraved an enduring term into historical consciousness that defines the apparent psychological damage inflicted by war. The term today is the most recognizable in defining so-called â€Å"combat stress reactions† (CSRs) which entail extreme battle fatigue and subsequent poor performance in war.Simultaneously, American psychologist Robert Yerkes initiated widespread intelligence and aptitude testing in the American military by devising standard intelligence tests for literate and illiterate recruits, given the names Army Alpha and Army Beta tests respectively. The tests analyzed recruits' ability to draw analogies, recognize patterns and perform arithmetic, among other tests, in order to judge their intelligence regardless of their formal educational backgrounds. The dramatic rise in recruits with World War II provoked a massive effort to streamline draftees.Based on the experiences beginning with World War I testing, several committees and divisions were created devoted to evaluation and placement on a psychological basis. The massive effort analyzed roughly 800,000 new sold iers every year during World War II, having a tremendous influence on the development of organizational and industrial psychology. The systemic methodology played well into the 1950s as veterans returned to the workforce or advanced their own businesses on a similarly organized recruitment and placement model.The tests, developed in conjunction with the Committee on Classification of Military Personnel, constituted the next stage in the evolution of American military aptitude tests. They replaced the earlier Alpha and Beta tests, and laid the foundations for the standard ASVAB test used by the American armed forces as of 2011. The uncertainty and anxiety of the Vietnamese theater gave rise to new levels of battle-induced psychological problems, most prominently in post-traumatic stress disorder.The support system for American veterans, particularly sufferers of this condition, is notorious in American culture and often criticized. Many argue the American military has demonstrated it has learned the appropriate lessons from the mismanagement of the PTSD outbreak after the Vietnam War. A stronger cultural support structure for returning American veterans from Iraq and Afghanistan is thought to have displaced cultural hostility, and advances in clinical psychology have been referenced. The use of psychology to intimidate or analyze the weaknesses of an enemy has been called â€Å"psychological warfare. Additionally, practical applications like individual profiling and organizational psychology techniques have devised studies on enemy commanders, even their methodology, and guided philosophy in making decisions about war. This application has been applied with equal vigor to perceived allies, such as comparative analyses between American and NATO military commands. Hesitation and ambiguity have been pointed to as crucial weaknesses in European military culture, whereas American commanders have been cited as quicker and less reluctant to use force to accomplish a mission.Simultaneously, American commanders have been criticized for institutionalizing a tendency to diminish the importance of the aftermath of military operations and the threat the resulting social conditions may constitute against consolidating military gains. Military psychology is a broad area of psychology where the lessons of personality, organizational and abnormal psychology among others are applied to the needs or desires of military planners and strategists. Reasons for their application may be immediate or sustained.The application of psychological research or theory to the military can be used to analyze either enemy or friendly forces, exemplified by perfecting an attack on an enemy or strengthening the weakness of an ally. By extension, military psychology could be used to examine the differences in attitudes to the battlefield in terms of philosophy and execution of operations. The field has developed its greatest recognition through the variably sustained or ineff ective post-combat programs for troubled veterans.Conditions like â€Å"shell shock† and â€Å"post-traumatic stress disorder† (PTSD) have figured prominently in the development of military therapy programs. Strategically, intelligence and personality testing have been applied to placement exams for perspective military recruits. The events of World War I had a formative effect on the application of psychology to the realities of the battlefield, giving the nascent field crucial legitimacy. Cofounder of the British Psychological Society and the National Institute of Industrial Psychology, Dr.Charles Myers, was selected as the primary advisor on psychological matters to the British armies in France during the war. His work is considered foundational and he himself describes in statements that it was a frustrating endeavor to have British military elite recognize the legitimacy of his claims that soldiers deserved psychological consideration for their inability and perce ived unwillingness to perform in battle. Coining the term â€Å"shell shock,† he engraved an enduring term into historical consciousness that defines the apparent psychological damage inflicted by war.The term today is the most recognizable in defining so-called â€Å"combat stress reactions† (CSRs) which entail extreme battle fatigue and subsequent poor performance in war. Simultaneously, American psychologist Robert Yerkes initiated widespread intelligence and aptitude testing in the American military by devising standard intelligence tests for literate and illiterate recruits, given the renown Army Alpha and Army Beta tests respectively. The tests analyzed recruits' ability to draw nalogies, recognize patterns and perform arithmetic among other tests in a way to judge one's intelligence regardless of their formal educational backgrounds. The dramatic rise in recruits with World War II provoked a massive effort to streamline draftees. Based on the experiences beginni ng with World War I testing, several committees and divisions were created devoted to evaluation and placement on a psychological basis. The massive effort analyzed roughly 800,000 new soldiers every year during World War II, having a tremendous influence on the development of organizational and industrial psychology.The systemic methodology played well into the 1950s as veterans returned to the workforce or advanced their own businesses on a similarly organized recruitment and placement model. The tests, developed in conjunction with the Committee on Classification of Military Personnel, constituted the next stage in the evolution of American military aptitude tests. They replaced the earlier Alpha and Beta tests, plus laid the foundations for the standard ASVAB test used by the American armed forces as of 2011.The uncertainty and anxiety of the Vietnamese theater gave rise to new levels of battle-induced psychological problems, most prominently in post-traumatic stress disorder. T he support system for American veterans, particularly sufferers of this condition, is notorious in American culture and often criticized. Many argue the American military has demonstrated it has learned the appropriate lessons from the mismanagement of the PTSD outbreak after the Vietnam War.A stronger cultural support structure for returning American veterans from Iraq and Afghanistan is thought to have displaced cultural hostility, plus advances in clinical psychology have been referenced. The use of psychology to intimidate or analyze the weaknesses of an enemy has been called â€Å"psychological warfare. † Additionally, practical applications like individual profiling and organizational psychology techniques have devised studies on enemy commanders, even their methodology and guiding philosophy in making decisions about war.This application has been applied with equal vigor to perceived allies, such as comparative analyses between American and NATO military commands. Hesi tation and ambiguity have been pointed to as crucial weaknesses in European military culture, whereas American commanders have been cited as quicker and less reluctant to use force to accomplish a mission. Simultaneously, American commanders have been criticized for institutionalizing a tendency to diminish the importance of the aftermath of military operations and the threat the resulting social conditions may constitute against consolidating military gains.